vah
e to say that the user who possesses only an ounce is
almost certainly not a large-scale dealer.
There is the argument that the penalties for marijuana possession (and use) should be
reduced, but not for selling. This distinction violates empirical reality; it implies the
existence of two relatively separated social and moral spheres that articulate on a
superficial basis—profit. If the seller is guilty, the user is, too, because the user is the
seller, and the seller the user. The technical exchange of contraband goods for money
takes place at every conceivable level and by nearly everyone above the minimally
involved. Labeling all selling heinous and use only moderately reprehensible, is to display
ignorance of how the market works. The present law, as well as the moderate reforms
currently being proposed, puts use in one legal, logical category, and all levels of selling
in another. We find use and most selling transactions to be logically and socially
indistinguishable while high level, high volume, and high profit selling transactions exist
in a disjunctive social and moral universe. If we believed in "natural" social categories, the
present confusion would represent as great an intellectual blunder as classifying whales as
fish and bats as a species of bird.
* These prices were current before the Mexican border blockade and increased
vigilance of 1969 and 1970. At the present time (February 1970), prices are about one and
a third to one and a half more than what they were a year earlier, even assuming the
availability of marijuana, which is often problematic. (back)
N O T E S
1. It is interesting that the most vigorous of the antimarijuana propagandists of the
1930s, Harry Anslinger, denied that marijuana was sold by professional gangsters in 1937:
"... the control and sale of marijuana has not yet passed into the hands of the big gangster
syndicates. The supply is so vast, and grows in so many places, that gangsters perhaps
have found it difficult to dominate the source.... gangdom has been hampered in its efforts
to corner the profits of what has now become an enormous business." See Harry J.
Anslinger, with Courtney Ryley Cooper, "Marijuana—Assassin of Youth," American
Magazine 124 (July 18, 1937): 152-153. (back)
2. The clearest recent statement of this position may be found in Will Oursler,
Marijuana: The Facts, the Truth (New York: Paul S. Eriksson, 1968), pp. 113-120.
Oursler seems to think these college student distributors are gangland fronts, and are
called "beavers" in the underworld. (back)
3. The New York Times, September 27, 1968. (back)
4. Ibid., October 6, 1968. (back)
5. The most informative of recent accounts must include: James T. Carey, The College
Drug Scene (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), esp. chs. 2, 4, 5; Jerry Mandel,
"Myths and Realities of Marijuana Pushing," in J. L. Simmons, ed., Marijuana: Myths and
(16 of 18)4/15/2004 1:08:20 AM
The Marijuana Smokers - Ch bol-THC acetate was converted to the
known o-epoxide S9 which was isomerized to a mixture of the allylic alcohols
60 and 61 in excellent yield by treatment with the lithium salt of an amine in
bol·THC acetate
!SUlfurYI
Chloride
S9
t
t-Bu
I
Me3SiNLi +
61
620 R =Br
b R =Cl
63
Chart 1
experimenter interviewed the subject about his medical history, including dizziness, fainting spells, and
so forth. A tray of drugs and medical instruments, labeled "Emergency Tray," was clearly visible in the
background. No reference was made to it unless a subject asked about it, in which case he was told that
this was one of the precautionary measures taken for the experiment and that he had nothing to worry
about.
Instructions for the four-hour experimental period, termed "sensory deprivation," were given. They
included the fact that a physician was always available should anything untoward develop, and pointed
out that if the subject couldn't take it, he could push a button, labeled "Emergency Alarm," to summon
assistance.
The subject then had his blood pressure and pulse taken to further reinforce the "medical" atmosphere
and was asked to sign a form that released the sponsoring organization, all affiliated organizations, and
their personnel from legal consequences of the experiment.
The actual experimental treatment, spending four hours in a small, well-lighted, comfortably
furnished room, had nothing to do with sensory deprivation. Except for the observation window through
which the subject could be observed, it was essentially a normal room and all that happened to the
subject was that there was no one to talk with for four hours.
A second group, the control subjects, were greeted by the same experimenter but he wore ordinary
business clothes and acted in a less officious manner. There was no "Emergency Tray" in the interview
room, nor was a medical history taken. The subject was told he was a control subject for sensory
deprivation studies. The procedures typical of such studies were described to him, such as white noise
on earphones, translucent goggles to block out all patterned vision, soft beds to reduce touch sensations,
and rules prohibiting physical movement. There was no "Emergency Alarm" button in the experimental
room.
Each control subject then spent four hours in the experimental room; experimental conditions were
thus the same except for the demands.
Both groups were interviewed after the experimental period and given various psychological tests.
The experimental group showed a number of significant changes on the psychological tests typical of
those found in sensory deprivation studies. Further, this group reported many more classical sensory
deprivation effects than the control group, including more perceptual aberrations, feelings of intellectual
dulling, unpleasant emotions, spatial disorientation, and restlessness. Thus many of the effects
commonly attributed to a "powerful" treatment, sensory deprivation, can be obtained by the implicit
demands in experimental instructions.
I fear that the reader who is not himself a physician or psychologist (i.e., who accepts such
experimental conditions as "normal") will find the above description of experimental conditions rather
ludicrous. How c
marijuana bongs align="left"> , How Much Is 4 Oz Of Marijana 83, 245 (1949); H
, 1977 (1976)
e laws is exceptionally complex, and some will be changed shortly. By far
the best review of existing laws and their social consequences has been made by Kaplan in his recent
book, Marijuana, the New Prohibition (1970).
Smith's (1970) book also contains excellent discussions
of the social issues revolving around marijuana use.
EXTENT OF USE
(5 of 7)4/15/2004 7:02:27 AM
On Being Stoned - Chapter 1
In spite of the severe penalties attached to possession and sale of marijuana, use today is very
widespread. Given the sorts of pleasurable effects reported later in this book, it seems likely that use will
continue to increase.
No definite survey of incidence of use can be made because there is always a (realistic) tendency of
wary users to deny their use. Nevertheless, a large number of surveys of drug use on college campuses
have been made (Kaplan, 1970; Pearlman, 1968). It is now a rare college campus that does not have a
significant number of marijuana users and on many campuses users themselves estimate over 50 percent
of the students use marijuana occasionally, primarily at social events. Acrylic Grafix Bong Prices An unpublished study that I
carried out in collaboration with one of my graduate students, Carl Klein, found that from 1967 to 1968
the percentage Heavens Stairway Stairway Bongs of students who used marijuana at a conservative West Coast university doubled, and
various formal and informal estimates of that population since have confirmed that a majority of the
students have tried marijuana. (Further details of this study are presented bud to smoke? harmful harmful in Chapter 28.) This seems
typical. Drug-education programs sponsored by schools and government agencies are viewed with scorn
and amusement by users since their own and friends' experiences with marijuana convince them that the
instructors are ignorant or lying. This is an unfortunate effect, as the attitude may be acrylic bongs generalized to
warnings about drugs that really are dangerous, such as hard narcotics and amphetamines.
Marijuana use is by no means confined to college campuses.
In a survey of young adults (eighteen
and over) in San Francisco, Manheimer, Mellinger, and Balter (1969) reported that 13 percent had used
marijuana at least once. Conservative estimates in the press usually figure that several million
Americans have tried marijuana, although it is not clear how many use it with any regularity.
Difficult political, moral, and religious problems arise when an act generally condemned and illegal
spreads at such a rapid rate. This book is not the place to go into them, but the interested reader will find
some good discussions in Aaronson and Osmond (1970), Krippner (1968), and Kaplan (1970).
Leaving aside considerations of social and political problems, what sort of reliable, scientific
knowledge do we have about the effects of marijuana? What do users experience that makes the risk of
prison worthwhile?
The following chapter discusses the nature of marijuana intoxication and explains why previous
scientific work has gained v
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nto a criminal into "the kind of person who would do such a thing." Although
many going through the ritual will reject the definition of them imposed by the process, it
nonetheless leaves its impress.
Formal Law, Substantive Law, and Law Enforcement
A common argument against marijuana use involves its legal status. Aside from the
debate concerning its dangers, or lack thereof, to the human mind and body, the single
irreducible fact regarding marijuana which is universally agreed upon is that its use,
possession, and sale are illegal. The opponents of marijuana use this as an effective
weapon in their dialogue with the drug's advocates. Regardless of one's point of view on
marijuana, it is outlawed. Everyone who uses it is a criminal, someone subject to the risk
of arrest and imprisonment who should expect to be punished.
Actually, this argument fails under close scrutiny. Many laws— perhaps most
laws—are not enforced. Formal law, law as it exists on the books, is very different from
substantive law, law as it is actually enforced.
The breach of some laws engenders
widespread moral outrage, while the enforcement of other laws incurs that same public
wrath. "It's the law" can never be an excuse for sanctioning an act, because "the law" is a
hodge-podge of archaic long-forgotten, and ignored statutes that are never executed, along
with those that are respected and daily enforced. Masturbation is illegal in a number of
states (Pennsylvania, for instance), and in Indiana and Wyoming, it is criminal to
encourage a person to masturbate. In forty-five states, adultery is illegal; Connecticut calls
for five-year imprisonment upon prosecution. Mere fornication is a crime in thirty-eight
states, and a breach of this law theoretically carries a fine of $500 or two-years
(15 of 31)4/15/2004 1:08:37 AM
The Marijuana Smokers - Chapter 11
imprisonment, or both.28] Many states dictate the manner in which one may make love
to one's spouse; cunnilingus and fellatio, for instance, are against the law in many legal
jurisdictions.[29] In view of the near-universality of masturbation among men and the fact
that a majority of all couples marrying today engaged in premarital intercourse, the virtual
absence of any prosecution for these crimes
bongs massive
is remarkable. Although sanctioning all
crimes without victims entails severe problems of logistical detection, with adultery at
least, divorce suits constitute a fertile field. In New York state, where until recently
adultery was the only legitimate grounds for divorce, thousands of divorces have been
filed and granted in the past few years, yet almost no one is ever prosecuted for this crime.
30]
The enforcement of certain laws, therefore, cannot be taken for granted. Enforcement is
problematic. Thus, when a law is enforced, it is necessary to ask why. What is it that
differentiates those laws that are enforced and those that are not enforced? The argument
that a man should refrain from perfnto a criminal into "the kind of person who would do such a thing." Although
many going through the ritual will reject the definition of them imposed by the process, it
nonetheless leaves its impress.
Formal Law, Substantive Law, and Law Enforcement
A common argument against marijuana use involves its legal status. Aside from the
debate concerning its
Psychoaktiv dangers, or lack thereof, to the human mind and body, the single
irreducible fact regarding marijuana which is universally agreed upon is that its use,
possession, and sale are illegal. The opponents of marijuana use this as an effective
weapon in their dialogue with the drug's advocates. Regardless of one's point of view on
marijuana, it is outlawed. Everyone who uses it is a criminal, someone subject to the risk
of arrest and imprisonment who should expect to be punished.
Actually, this argument fails under close scrutiny. Many laws— perhaps most
laws—are not enforced. Formal law, law as it exists on the books, is very different from
substantive law, law as it is actually enforced. The breach of some laws engenders
widespread moral outrage, while the enforcement of other laws incurs that same public
wrath.
"It's the law" can never be an excuse for sanctioning
Indoor Mix
an act, because "the law" is a
hodge-podge of archaic long-forgotten, and ignored statutes that are never executed, along
with those that are respected and daily enforced. Masturbation is illegal in a number of
states (Pennsylvania, for instance), and in Indiana and Wyoming, it is criminal to
encourage a person to masturbate. In forty-five states, adultery is illegal; Connecticut calls
for five-year imprisonment upon prosecution.
Mere fornication is a crime in thirty-eight
states, and a breach of this law theoretically carries a fine of $500 or two-years
(15 of 31)4/15/2004 1:08:37 AM
The Marijuana Smokers - Chapter 11
imprisonment, or both.28] Many states dictate the manner in which one may make love
to one's spouse; cunnilingus and fellatio, for instance, are against the law in many legal
jurisdictions.29] In view of the near-universality of masturbation among men and the fact
that a majority of all couples marrying today engaged in premarital intercourse, the virtual
absence of any prosecution for these crimes is remarkable. Although sanctioning all
crimes without victims entails severe problems of logistical detection, with adultery at
least, divorce suits constitute a fertile field. In New York state, where until recently
adultery was the only legitimate grounds for divorce, thousands of divorces have been
filed and granted in the past few years, yet almost no one is ever prosecuted for this crime.
30]
The enforcement of certain laws, therefore, cannot be taken for granted. Enforcement is
problematic.
Thus, when a law is enforced, it is necessary to ask why. What is it that
differentiates those laws that are enforced and those that are not enforced? The argument
that a man should refrain from perfnto a criminal into "the kind of person who would do such a thing." Although
many going through the ritual will reject the definition of them imposed by the process, it
nonetheless leaves its impress.
Formal Law, Substantive Law, and Law Enforcement
A common argument against marijuana use involves its legal status.
Aside from the
debate concerning its dangers, or lack thereof, to the human mind and body, the single
irreducible fact regarding marijuana which is universally agreed upon is that its use,
possession, and sale are illegal. The opponents of marijuana use this as an effective
weapon in their dialogue with the drug's advocates.
Regardless of one's point of view on
marijuana, it is outlawed. Everyone who uses it is a criminal, someone subject to the risk
of arrest and imprisonment who should expect to be punished.
Actually, this argument fails under close scrutiny.
Many laws— perhaps most
laws—are not enforced. Formal law, law as it exists on the books, is very different from
substantive law, law as it is actually enforced. The breach of some laws engenders
widespread moral outrage, while the enforcement of other laws incurs that same public
wrath. "It's the law" can never be an excuse for sanctioning an act, because "the law" is a
hodge-podge of archaic long-forgotten, and ignored statutes that are never executed, along
with those that are respected and daily enforced. Masturbation is illegal in a number of
states (Pennsylvania, for instance), and in Indiana and Wyoming, it is criminal to
encourage a person to masturbate. In forty-five states, adultery is illegal; Connecticut calls
for five-year imprisonment upon prosecution. Mere fornication is a crime in thirty-eight
states, and a breach of this law theoretically carries a fine of $500 or two-years
(15 of 31)4/15/2004 1:08:37 AM
The Marijuana Smokers - Chapter 11
imprisonment, or both.[28 Many states dictate the manner in which one may make love
to one's spouse; cunnilingus and fellatio, for instance, are against the law in many legal
jurisdictions.29 In view of the near-universality of masturbation among men and the fact
that a majority of all couples marrying today engaged in premarital intercourse, the virtual
absence of any prosecution for these crimes is remarkable. Although sanctioning all
crimes without victims entails severe problems of logistical detection, with adultery at
least, divorce suits constitute a fertile field. In New York state, where until recently
adultery was the only legitimate grounds for divorce, thousands of divorces have been
filed and granted in the past few years, yet almost no one is ever prosecuted for this crime.
30
The enforcement of certain laws, therefore, cannot be taken for granted. Enforcement is
problematic. Thus, when a law is enforced, it is necessary to ask why. What is it that
differentiates those laws that are enforced and those that are not enforced? The argument
that a man should refrain from perfnto a criminal into "the kind of person who would do such a thing." Although
many going through the ritual will reject the definition of them imposed by the process, it
nonetheless leaves its impress.
Formal Law, Substantive Law, and Law Enforcement
A common argument against marijuana use involves its legal status. Aside from the
debate concerning its dangers, or lack thereof, to the human mind and body, the single
irreducible fact regarding marijuana which is universally agreed upon is that its use,
possession, and sale are illegal. The opponents of marijuana use this as an effective
weapon in their dialogue with the drug's advocates.
Regardless of one's point of view on
marijuana, it is outlawed. Everyone who uses it is a criminal, someone subject to the risk
of arrest and imprisonment who should expect to be punished.
Actually, this argument fails under close scrutiny. Many laws— perhaps most
laws—are not enforced. Formal law, law as it exists on the books, is very different from
substantive law, law as it is actually enforced. The breach of some laws engenders
widespread moral outrage, while the enforcement of other laws incurs that same public
wrath. "It's the law" can never be an excuse for sanctioning an act, because "the law" is a
hodge-podge of archaic long-forgotten, and ignored statutes that are never executed, along
with those that are respected and daily enforced. Masturbation is illegal in a number of
states (Pennsylvania, for instance), and in Indiana and Wyoming, it is criminal to
encourage a person to masturbate.
In forty-five states, adultery is illegal; Connecticut calls
for five-year imprisonment upon prosecution. Mere fornication is a crime in thirty-eight
states, and a breach of this law theoretically carries a fine of $500 or two-years
(15 of 31)4/15/2004 1:08:37 AM
The Marijuana Smokers - Chapter 11
imprisonment, or both.
28 Many states dictate the manner in which one may make love
to one's spouse; cunnilingus and fellatio, for instance, are against the law in many legal
jurisdictions.29 In view of the near-universality of masturbation
Legal Ephedra Cannabis Recipes among men and the fact
that a majority of all couples marrying today engaged in premarital intercourse, the virtual
absence of any prosecution for these crimes is remarkable. Although sanctioning all
crimes without victims entails severe problems of logistical detection, with adultery at
least, divorce suits constitute a fertile field. In New York state, where until recently
adultery was the only legitimate grounds for divorce, thousands of divorces have been
filed and granted in the past few years, yet almost no one is ever prosecuted for this crime.
30
The enforcement of certain laws, therefore, cannot be taken for granted. Enforcement is
problematic. Thus, when a law is enforced, it is necessary to ask why. What is it that
differentiates those laws that are enforced and those that are not enforced? The argument
that a man should refrain from perf I grew this last year outdoors.
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susceptible to bud mold in high humidity.” dr.atomic While I'm not going to say that Big Bud isn't a good strain, it's not as magical as many people seem to think.
The main problem is the name, Big Bud, everyone expects massive buds. They are big, but not significantly
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typical(of high quality strains). Overall, a good plant as long as you don't expect miracles. I just finished a
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The reported beneficial qualitise of cannabis cup as a medicine have been established for centuries. Medicinal cannabis cup was elementary during what war was the national anthem written facts about the white house by the Ancient Chinese in
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crossed with a robust Cinderella 99 male to create Apollo Eleven. Expect some variation among individuals. The
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SCROG. The smoke has a sweet citrus flavour. The high is UP & HAPPY." - Bros. Grimm catalog
, 13, 1101 (1976) crimes, as well as crimes on which there is public
support for their prohibition, the police would score a clear gain were marijuana use to be
relegalized.47]
The damages to an individual traceable to the effects of marijuana are minimal when
compared with the damages he sustains at the hands of the legal system.48] Marijuana
use and possession probably represents—next to numerous sex crimes without victims,
such as cunnilingus—the clearest case where the penalty is incommensurate with the
seriousness of the crime. In most cases, the user suffers no damage whatsoever from the
use of this weed. In the typical case, it is a harmless activity. Arguments will often be
made, particularly by the police, that, of course, in the typical case, marijuana use is
relatively innocuous, but that is only because of the relative innocuousness of currently
available marijuana. If the user were to get his hands on really potent cannabis—North
African hashish, for instance—some serious damage would manifest itself.49] Thus,
what is being done is to punish someone for something which is essentially harmless
because if he weren't punished, he might do something which is harmful. (Even assuming
that there are such great differences in harm to users due to the varying potency different
of cannabis preparations.) To my knowledge, this principle is not applied to any other area
of law.
Moreover, no solid case has been made for the prohibition. In 1937, not a scrap of
evidence existed for justifying the passage of the federal law. Today, over a generation
later, the fairest statement that could be made is that adequate systematic evidence
definitively testing the relative harm of this drug has simply not been gathered. And if a
deprivation of liberties is to be imposed, a conclusive case has to be made, as Justice
Goldberg declared in Griswold v. Connecticut The burden of proof is clearly on he who
would deprive liberties, not he who would exercise them.[50]
It should be realized that although these "empirical" issues of public safety,
rehabilitation, and deterrence are useful for rhetorical purposes, they are not the most
powerful motives underlying the administration of the laws. The emotional and
"expressive" goals of symbolism and vengeance are far more important, in my opinion. To
someone who feels that marijuana use is evil, the laws are just no matter what their
practical result. They are an expression of a moral stance, and are beyond criticism on that
level. The question of "evil" is intrinsically unanswerable. Merely because crime is
widespread is no indication that the laws attempting to prevent it (and failing, in a sense,
to do so) are invalid and ought to be abolished. Over 10,000 murders occur in the United
States every year; should laws against murder be nullified? There are about a half-million
auto thefts yearly in this country, and over a million burglaries. Should laws outlawing
these activities be done away with crimes, as well as crimes on which there is public
support for their prohibition, the police would score a clear gain were marijuana use
Psychedelic Art Cannabis Photos to be
relegalized.47]
The damages to an individual traceable to the effects of marijuana are minimal when
compared with the damages he sustains at the hands of the legal system.48] Marijuana
use and possession probably represents—next to numerous sex crimes without victims,
such as cunnilingus—the clearest case where the penalty is incommensurate with the
seriousness of the crime.
In most cases, the user suffers no damage whatsoever from the
use of this weed. In the typical case, it is a harmless activity. Arguments will often be
made, particularly by the police, that, of course, in the typical case, marijuana use is
relatively innocuous, but that is only because of the relative innocuousness of currently
available marijuana. If the user were to get his hands on really potent cannabis—North
African hashish, for instance—some serious damage would manifest itself.
49] Thus,
what is being done is to punish someone for something which is essentially harmless
because if he weren't punished, he might do something which is harmful. (Even assuming
that there are such great differences in harm to users due to the varying potency different
of cannabis preparations.) To my knowledge, this principle is not applied to any other area
of law.
Moreover, no solid case has been made for the prohibition. In 1937, not a scrap of
evidence existed for justifying the passage of the federal law. Today, over a generation
later, the fairest statement that could be made is that adequate systematic evidence
definitively testing the relative harm of this drug has simply not been gathered. And if a
deprivation of liberties is to be imposed, a conclusive case has to be made, as Justice
Goldberg declared in Griswold v. Connecticut The burden of proof is clearly on he who
would deprive liberties, not he who would exercise them.50]
It should be realized that although these "empirical" issues of public safety,
rehabilitation, and deterrence are useful for rhetorical purposes, they are not the most
powerful motives underlying the administration of the laws. The emotional and
"expressive" goals of symbolism and vengeance are far more important, in my opinion. To
someone who feels that marijuana use is evil, the laws are just no matter what their
practical result. They are an expression of a moral stance, and are beyond criticism on that
level. The question of "evil" is intrinsically unanswerable. Merely because crime is
widespread is no indication that the laws attempting to prevent it (and failing, in a sense,
to do so) are invalid and ought to be abolished. Over 10,000 murders occur in the United
States every year; should laws against murder be nullified? There are about a half-million
auto thefts yearly in this country, and over a million burglaries. Should laws outlawing
these activities be done away with crimes, as well as crimes on which there is public
support for their prohibition, the police would score a clear gain were marijuana use to be
relegalized.47
The damages to an individual traceable to the effects of marijuana are minimal when
compared with the damages he sustains at the hands of the legal system.48 Marijuana
use and possession probably represents—next to numerous sex crimes without victims,
such as cunnilingus—the clearest case where the penalty is incommensurate with the
seriousness of the crime. In most cases, the user suffers no damage whatsoever from the
use of this weed. In the typical case, it is a harmless activity. Arguments will often be
made, particularly by the police, that, of course, in the typical case, marijuana use is
relatively innocuous, but that is only because of the relative innocuousness of currently
available marijuana.
If the user were to get his hands on really potent cannabis—North
African hashish, for instance—some serious damage would manifest itself.[49 Thus,
what is being done is to punish someone for something which is essentially harmless
because if he weren't punished, he might do something which is harmful. (Even assuming
that there are such great differences in harm to users due to the varying potency different
of cannabis preparations.) To my knowledge, this principle is not applied to any other area
of law.
Moreover, no solid case has been made for the prohibition. In 1937, not a scrap of
evidence existed for justifying the passage of the federal law. Today, over a generation
later, the fairest statement that could be made is that adequate systematic evidence
definitively testing the relative harm of this drug has simply not been gathered. And if a
deprivation of liberties is to be imposed, a conclusive case has to be made, as Justice
Goldberg declared in Griswold v. Connecticut The burden of proof is clearly on he who
would deprive liberties, not he who would exercise them.[50
It should be realized that although these "empirical" issues of public safety,
rehabilitation, and deterrence are useful for rhetorical purposes, they are not the most
powerful motives underlying the administration of the laws. The emotional and
"expressive" goals of symbolism and vengeance are far more important, in my opinion. To
someone who feels that marijuana use is evil, the laws are just no matter what their
practical result. They are an expression of a moral stance, and are beyond criticism on that
level. The question of "evil" is intrinsically unanswerable. Merely because crime is
widespread is no indication that the laws attempting to prevent it (and failing, in a sense,
to do so) are invalid and ought to be abolished. Over 10,000 murders occur in the United
States every year; should laws against murder be nullified? There are about a half-million
auto thefts yearly in this country, and over a million burglaries. Should laws outlawing
these activities be done away with crimes, as well as crimes on which there is public
support for their prohibition, the police would score a clear gain were marijuana use to be
relegalized.47
The damages to an individual traceable to the effects of marijuana are minimal when
compared with the damages he sustains at the hands of the legal system.
48 Marijuana
use and possession probably represents—next to numerous sex crimes without victims,
such as cunnilingus—the clearest case where the penalty is incommensurate with the
seriousness of the crime. In most cases, the user suffers no damage whatsoever from the
use of this weed. In the typical case, it is a harmless activity. Arguments will often be
made, particularly by the police, that, of course, in the typical case, marijuana use is
relatively innocuous, but that is only because of the relative innocuousness of currently
available marijuana. If the user were to get his hands on really potent cannabis—North
African hashish, for instance—some serious damage would manifest itself.49 Thus,
what is being done is to punish someone for something which is essentially harmless
because if he weren't punished, he might do something which is harmful. (Even assuming
that there are such great differences in harm to users due to the varying potency different
of cannabis preparations.) To my knowledge, this principle is not applied to any other area
of law.
Moreover, no solid case has been made for the prohibition. In 1937, not a scrap of
evidence existed for justifying the passage of the federal law. Today, over a generation
later, the fairest statement that could be made is that adequate systematic evidence
definitively testing the relative harm of this drug has simply not been gathered. And if a
deprivation of liberties is to be imposed, a conclusive case has to be made, as Justice
Goldberg declared in Griswold v. Connecticut The burden of proof is clearly on he who
would deprive liberties, not he who would exercise them.50
It should be realized that although these "empirical" issues of public safety,
rehabilitation, and deterrence are useful for rhetorical purposes, they are not the most
powerful motives underlying the administration of the laws. The emotional and
"expressive" goals of symbolism and vengeance
Cannabis News Names For Cannabis are far more important, in my opinion. To
someone who feels that marijuana use is evil, the laws are just no matter what their
practical result. They are an expression of a moral stance, and are beyond criticism on that
level. The question of "evil" is intrinsically unanswerable. Merely because crime is
widespread is no indication that the laws attempting to prevent it (and failing, in a sense,
to do so) are invalid and ought to be abolished. Over 10,000 murders occur in the United
States every year; should laws against murder be nullified? There are about a half-million
auto thefts yearly in this country, and over a million burglaries. Should laws outlawing
these activities be done away with
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various drugs vary
Glass Zongs tremendously from culture to culture, and this prevailing cultural climate may have a
strong effect on the user. Classical Islamic culture, for instance, prohibits the use of alcohol but
sanctions marijuana use. Our American culture as a whole believes marijuana produces undesirable and
dangerous effects, and this knowledge may very well influence an individual user at times, in spite of
subcultural support of marijuana smoking. In our culture, feelings of paranoia (e.g., fear that there may
be a policeman watching) are frequent and normal, although experienced users generally treat them
rather objectively rather than getting concerned about them in a maladaptive fashion.
Personality affects marijuana reactions.
Users commonly believe, for example, that authoritarian
people, who are not open to new ways of perceiving and thinking, either get no effects at all from
smoking marijuana or have very unpleasant effects. They try to maintain their ordinary way of
perceiving and thinking against the drug effects. There is a large psychological literature on the way in
which personality factors affect reactions to a wide variety of psychoactive drugs other than marijuana.
Overall physiological functioning shows very similar patterns in healthy individuals; i.e., their bodily
reactions to a given drug are similar enough to not be important. For some drugs and/or for some
individuals, however, unique physiological factors might cause special reactions. I know of no solid
(4 of 16)4/15/2004 7:02:54 AM
On Being Stoned - Chapter 2
information on this for marijuana, but it should be kept in mind as a potential source of variability.
Learned drug skills are particularly important in marijuana intoxication. A neophyte commonly must
use marijuana several times before becoming aware of its effects; he must
Sorten learn to recognize certain
subtle effects that indicate he is intoxicated (see, e.g., Becker, 1953). With increasing experience and
contact with other marijuana users, the neophyte learns of other effects that he may try to experience
himself and of techniques for controlling his intoxication experience (see Chapter 17). He may learn to
reproduce many of the usual effects of intoxication without actually using marijuana, as in "contact
highs" (feeling intoxicated just by being with intoxicated companions) or "conditioned highs" (feeling
intoxicated to some extent by the action of preparing to use marijuana).
Immediate user factors include several factors that assume particular values for hours to days before
using a drug, such as mood, expectations as to what will happen, and desires for particular happenings.
Mood is particularly important with a drug like marijuana, as many users report the intoxicated state
amplifies whatever mood they were in before taking the drug (see Chapter 16). If they were happy, they
may become very happy; if they were sad, they may become particularly gloomy.
An experimental stu ur
puka-bufeos pink dolphins], blowing their sorcery upwards.
In the background is the noble fairy Amet on a carriage pulled by winged horses
A vermilion horse with white wings and a two-headed horse called ishcayuma two
heads] escort her. She is about to arrive in an enchanted city called Thodz, the
dwelling place of great gurus and sumis.
To the left we see the giant Liborim with a magical flying dagger he uses against
his enemies. Behind him there are three flying saucers coming from Andromeda to
influence those learning magical sciences with their enigmatic vibrations.
In front of the flying saucer is the house where several curanderos are in the midst
of these beautiful ayahuasca visions.
VISION 3
AYAHUASCA AND CHACRUNA
This painting represents the two plants necessary in preparing the ayahuasca brew.
Out of the ayahuasca vine comes a black snake with yellow, orange, and blue
spots, surrounded by a yellow aura. There is also another snake, the chacruna
snake, of bright and luminous colors. From its mouth comes a violet radiation
surrounded by blue rays. The chacruna snake penetrates the ayahuasca snake,
producing the visionary effect of these two magic plants.
To the left we see the teacher and his disciples covered by the radiation of the
ayahuasca and chacruna plants. The effect on the nervous system is felt in the tip
of the toes and fingers, in the ears, lips, eyes, and nose. This is why those parts are
red. The combined effect of these plants is esoteric: due to their supernatural
properties, psychic bodies are created that the eyes have never perceived before, so
that one is overwhelmed by this strange new dimension. This world penetrates the
top of the head so that the aura stimulates a gland between the eyebrows.
At the top left we see a bird called rompe-mortajas an owl] that has been
transformed from a tobacco leaf Below we see a great queen with a golden sceptre.
Her name is Mariquita Toe'. She is a doctor with great knowledge. Below her is the
legendary fairy Quetfael, who knows about medicine and paranormal beauty.
Behind the chacruna serpent we see the great sylph Resfenel, the guardian of
several constellations. We see him here surrounded by meteors and bright sapphires
which illuminate his clothes. To the right we see the great gardener with a golden
stick and a pipe shaped like a snake. This being has the rank ofsatrapa pito'nico,~
and always cares for the ayahuasca plant. The cricket we see near him cries in
alarm when anybody cuts a piece of this plant without first making an offering. If
the offering is made, it listens to the prayers: when ayahuasca is ingested it gives
positive effects. The skulls here show that those who do not withstand the effect of
ayahuasca may die. One has to prepare one's body properly before taking this plant.
VISION 4
THE SPIRITS OF MOTHERS OF THE PLANTS
In this vision we see Shipibo vegetalista in a trance. One of the shamans is being
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